Memory matrix system



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G. P. SARRAFIAN MEMORY MATRIX SYSTEM Dec. 11, 1962 12 Sheets-Sheet 12 Filed Aug. 14, 1959 ite States The present invention is disclosed in the copending application Serial No. 784,358 of George Philip Sarratian, Charles L. Kettler, and George T. Baker. in this copending application, the advantages of having a memory into which more than one word could be simultaneously entered or read out are pointed out. This feature allows mo-re rapid handling of digital data in that more data can be transferred into and out of the memory at one time. Also the system lends itself ideally to operations where double length words need to be stored in the memory to maintain a desired accuracy.

The memory is comprised of a plurality of tiers of two dimensional coincident current matrices. Digital words are stored with one digit in the same relative position in each tier. rThe location or address in the matrix for a word to be read in or read out is selected by the column and row selection and the coincidence of currents at the intersection of the selected column and row. A plurality of inhibit windings are provided in each tier, each linking the cores of a dilterent part of the tier. These inhibit windings control what digit will be stored at the selected address in the respective tiers. By selecting a plurality ot the rows and one of the columns in each tier, a plurality of addresses in memory can be selected. lf these selected addresses are chosen such that each address is controlled by different sets of inhibit windings, two words or both halves of a double length word may be stored simultaneously.

The memory is provided with a plurality of output windings in each tier, each linking the cores of a ditterent part of the tier. Words are read out of the matrix by selecting a column and row in each tier. By coincident current the word address at the intersection of this column and row will be selected and the word stored at this selected address will be read out on the respective output windings. By selecting a plurality of rows and a column, a plurality of intersections in each tier will receive coincident current and thus a plurality of addresses may be selected. if these plurality of addresses are selected such that each is in a part of the memory which is read out in each tier by different sets of read out windings, then a plurality of Words may be read out simultaneously.

The memory is divided into sections with a plurality of different addresses comprising each section. A cornmand signal applied to the memory system will select in which of the sections of the memory the selected address will be. An index register controls the selection of the particular address in the selected section. When a plurality of addresses are selected for read out or storage, the plurality selected addresses will always be in different sections. The index register controls the selection of the plurality of addresses so that they occupy the same relative position in each section. This feature is desirable, because it results in the two halves a double length word always occupying the same relative position in two diterent sections of the memory and thus simplifies the problem of keeping track of the double length word.

Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment unfolds and when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein:

FIGURE 1 shows a block diagram of the memory system;

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FIGURE 2 illustrates the details of one tier of the storage core matrix of the memory system;

FGURE 3 shows how the storage core matrix is divided into sections;

FGURE 4 shows the electrical waveforms used in the memory system;

FIGURE 5 illustrates the details of the switch core matrices used for selecting and driving the input conductors of the storage core matrix;

FIGURES 6 and 7 show in block form the details of the index register decoders, which, in response to binary numbers stored in the index registers, will select input conductors of the switch core matrices and thereby select addresses in the storage core matrix;

FGURE 8 illustrates in block form the details of the X and Y drivers, which drive the input conductors of the switch core matrices;

FlGURE 9 illustrates one of the index registers in block form;

FlGURE 10 illustrates another of the index registers in block form;

FEGURE 11 illustrates in block form the index register selection logic, which sto-res commands selecting one of the index registers and applies the required signals to the index registers and to the index register decoders;

FIGURE l2 illustrates in block form the read in circuits, which control the storing of information in the storage core matrix;

FGURE 13 illustrates in block form one of the read out circuits, which receive the information read out from the storage core matrix;

FlGURE 14 illustrates in block form the command logic for submemory selection, which stores commands to read information out of or into selected sections of the storage core matrix and applies to the diferent parts of the memory system the signals required to carry out these commands; and

FIGURE 15 shows in block form the memory programmer which generates the waveforms necessary to carry out the reading of information out of and into the storage core matrix.

The memory unit can best be understood by referring to the block diagram of the entire memory unit shown in FIGURE 1 in conjunction with the FIGURES 2 through l5 illustrating details of the parts of the memory unit. The storage core matrix, designated by the reference numher Stil in FGURE 1, comprises a stack of 12 tiers of cores, each tier comprising a two dimensional coincident current matrix being just like the tier illustrated in FiG- URE 2.

Assuming for purposes of description that the tiers of cores are stacked vertically, then 12 bit binary words are stored in the matrix with each bit of each word being stored in a corresponding core of a different tier in the matrix, the corresponding cores being the cores which are vertically aligned in the matrix. The storage cores of the matrix are of the ferrite type having square hysteresis loops and thus are capable of assuming two stable states and require a pulse of predetermined size and direction to switch them from one state to the other. The state which the core assumes represents the lbit sto-red in the core.

Each tier of cores comprises a total of 256 cores and thus the matrix has a capacity of 256 l2 bit words. The

memory is divided vertically into two halves, storing 128 words each and designated the B section and the C section. The C section is further divided vertically into four equal parts` storing 32 words each and designated aS the CA, CB, CC and CB sections. The relative positions of these sections on each tier is shown in FIGURE 3.

As shown in FIGURE 2 each tier of the matrix has 16 assai-sa columns of cores and 16 rows of cores. The storage cores are designated generally by the reference number 421. A different one of a series of conductors designated X1 through X16 passes through each column of cores. A diterent one of a series of conductors Y1 through Y16 passes through each row of cores. As groups, the conductors X1 through X11,` shall be referred to as the X conductors and the Y1 through Y16 conductors shall be referred to as the Y conductors.

To select one of the cores to be switched to the opposite state, current pulses are applied simultaneously to one of the series of conductors X1 through X11,- and to one of the series of conductors Y1 through Y1G. The current pulses are chosen to be of such size, that the core which is commonly threaded by both the X conductor and the Y conductor will receive sui'iicient power from the cornbined currents liowing in the X conductor and the Y conductor to cause the commonly threaded core to change its state, provided the current pulses have the right polarity. The current pulses are chosen to have a small enough magnitude so that the cores which are threaded by only one of the selected X or Y conductors do not receive sufcient power to cause them to change their states.

Since all of the tiers are identical, each tier will have conductors X1 through X16 and Y1 through Y16. All of the X conductors having the same designation are connected together in series and all of the Y conductors having the same designation are connected together in series. Each series connected group of conductors which have the same designation shall be referred to by that designation.

When a word is to be read out from or stored in the storage core matrix, the switch core matrices, designated 302 in FIGURE l, select the desired group of like designated, series connected X conductors and the desired group of like designated, series connected Y conductors and apply simultaneously to each selected series connected groups, a current wave form lili; shown in FlGURE 4. The wave form 318 comprises a positive pulse 322 and a negative pulse 323. When the wave forrn is applied to a A selected series connected group of X or Y conductors it is applied with such a polarity that the current of the positive pulse flows in these conductors in the direction of the arrows in FIGURE 2. The pulses 322 and 323 are of insuthcient amplitude alone to cause any change of state in the cores but the core in each tier which is cornmonly threaded by the selected X and Y conductor will receive enough power from the pulses 322 ilowing in both the X and Y conductors to cause that core to switch to a first predetermined state. This rst predetermined state is used to store the binary numeral ZERO and accordingly this first predetermined state will be referred to as the ZERO state. The opposite state of each core is used to store the binary number ONE and hence this opposite state shall be referred to as the ONE state. When the pulses 322 are applied, some of the selected cores may already be in their ZERO states. These cores will be unaffected by the pulses `22 and thus after the pulse 322, all of the selected cores will be in their ZERO states. Following the application of the pulses 322, the pulses 3213 will be applied to the selected X and Y conductors and as a result, all of the selected cores would tend to be switched to their ONE states so that the binary nurnber llllllllllll would be stored in the selected address.

To store the desired binary word, the Z or inhibit conductors are used. There are two Z conductors, Z1 and Z2, for each tier. The Z1 conductor in each tier is threaded through all the cores in the tier which are in the B section and which are in the CA and CB sections. The Z2 conductor in each tier is threaded through all the cores in the tier which are in the CC and CD sections of the tier. The Z1 conductors of the matrix are pulsed by the Z1 drivers, which are designated in FIGURE 1 by the reference number 393. T he Z2 conductors of the matrix are pulsed by the Z2 drivers 3M. Ir" the selected 4, s. address or word position in which the binary word to be stored is in the CA, CB, or B section, the Z1 driver will apply a current wave form 319, shown in FIGURE 4, to the Z1 conductor of those tiers where a ZERO is to be stored in the selected core. if the binary word is to be stored in the CC or CD section, the Z2 conductors of those tiers in which the selected core is to store a ZERO will receive the current wave form 319 from the Z2 drivers 304,. The wave form 3l9 is applied to the selected Z conductors at the same time that the wave form 318 is applied to the selected X and Y conductors. The wave torni comprises an elongated positive current pulse 324i which is applied to the selected Z conductors in the direction indicated by the arrows in FlGURE 2. FIG- URE 4 illustrates the time relationship between the wave forms 31S and 2&9. As shown in FIGURE 4, the current pulse 32d starts in the interval between the pulses 322 and 323 and lasts until after the pulse 323. After the pulses 3122 have been applied, the selected core in each tier will be in its ZERO state. Then when the pulses 323 are appiied, the selected core in each tier, which does not have a pulse 324 applied on its Z conductor, will be switched from its ZERO state to its ONE state. The selected cores in those tiers which do have pulses 324 applied on the appropriate Z conductors will not be switched, because the current flowing in the Z conductors will cancel out part of the current iowing in the selected X and Y conductors so that the selected core does not receive suticient power to be switched to its ONE state. Thus, by pulsing or not pulsing selected ones of the Z1 conductors if the word is to be stored in the B,

CA, or CB section, or by pulsing or not pulsing selected ones of the Z2 conductors if the word is to be stored in the CC or CD sections, any binary word can be stored in any selected address.

By using both the Z1 and Z2 conductors, a 24 bit word or two l2 bit words can be simultaneously stored in the core matrix. rthe selected address in the matrix for one of the l2 bit words will be in the CA or CB section of the matrix and the selected address -for the other word will be in the CC or CD section or the matrix. The cores of both selected addresses -rnust be threaded by the same series connected group of X conductors. To carry out the operation the switch core matrices will apply the current wave form Slis? to one of the Y conductor groups Y1 through YB and one of the Y conductor groups YQ through Y16 and one of the X conductor groups X1- through X8. Thus, there will be two addresses at which the selected X and Y conductors intersect and at these two intersections two l2 bit words will be stored. When a 24 bit word is stored in the matrix, the two halves of the word are stored in diiierent positions in the manner described for two l2 bit words. In the case of a 24 'Dit word, the CA and CC sections should be elected because of the organization of the read out circuits.

Each tier of the rnatrix has three S conductors, an S1, and S2 and an S3 conductor. The S1 conductors thread the cores of the CA and B sections ot the matrix. The S2 conductors thread the cores of the CB section of the matrix, and the S3 conductors thread kthe cores of kthe CC and CD sections of the matrix. The S1, S2, and S3 conductors are used to read out words stored in the matrix. When the cores of the selected address receive the pulses 322, the cores which store a ONE will be switched to their ZERO state and this switching will cause a pulse to be induced in the S1, S2, or S3 conductors which thread the cores of the selected address. The cores which store a ZERO will already be in their ZERO state and therefore will not be switched and will not induce any pulses in the S conductors threading them. Twelve sense ampliiiers Sii-t4 amplify the pulses induced in the twelve S1 conductors, twelve sense amplifiers 3&5 amplify the pulsesA induced on the twelve S2 conductors, and twelve sense amplifiers 3l@ amplify the pulses induced on the twelve- S3 conductors. The outputs of the amplifiers 3M, dif-5 and 3io are applied to the memory read out circuits 3713,

The fact that there are three S conductors in each tier, makes it possible to read out up to three 12 bit words simultaneously. When three 12 bit words or one 12 bit word and one 24 bit word are to be read out, one of the words will be in the CA section, one will be in the CB section and the third will be in the CC section. The switch core matrices will apply the current wave form SiS to one of the groups of conductors X1 through X8, one of the groups Y1 through Y4, one of the groups Y5 through YS, and one of the groups YQ through Y12. These will be at the same relative position in three different submemory sections specied by a single index register. Pulses will then be induced in all three S conductors of each tier, amplified by the ampliers 51d, 315, and 3io and applied to the memory read out circuits 33. To read out a 24 bit word or two 12 bit words, only two addresses are selected, one in the CA section and the other in the CC section.

The detailed circuitry of the switch core matrices Stil is illustrated in FiGURE 5. The switch core matrices comprise 32 permalloy tape-Wound bobbin cores of the type having square hysteresis loops. ri`he outputs from the switch core matrix positioned at the top of FIGURE 5 drive the series connected groups of conductors X1, through X16 of the storage matrix. This switch core matrix shall be referred to as the X switch core matrix. The outputs from the 16 cores shown at the bottom of FEGURE 5 drive the series connected groups oi conductors Y1 through Y1@` of the storage core matrix. This switch core matrix shall be referred to as the Y switch core matrix. The particular series connected group ot conductors which each switch core drives is indicated at the output of each core. A conductor 325 is wound around each one of the 32 switch cores in series. A DC. bias current is applied to the conductor 325 to bias the switch cores well into one of their stable states. Both the X switch core matrix and the Y switch core matrix are each arranged into columns and rows of tour. ln addition to the bias winding and the output winding, each switch core has two additional windings which shall be referred to as the first winding and the second winding. In the X switch core matrix, the iirst windings of ail the cores which are in the same column are connected in series to form four conductors which are designated X111 through Xx@ ln the X switch core matrix, the second winding of all the cores which are in the same rows are connected in series to form four conductors Xy1 through X54, respectively. Likewise, the iirst and second windings of the Y switch core matrices are series connected in columns and rows to form the conductors Y x1 through Yxr and Yy1 through Yyr, respectively.

The X and Y switch core matrices operate in the same manner and any selected one of the X switch cores and any selected one of the Y switch cores can be operated to produce simultaneously the current wave form 31S. This operation is done by driving a selected one of the conductors X111 through XM, a selected one ot the conductors Xy1 through Xy, a selected one of the conductors YX1 through YX1, and a selected one of the conductors YY1 through Yyr simultaneously with a wave form 321i shown in FIGURE 4. The wave term 321i comprises an elongated current pulse 326. rThis current pulse 325, -when applied to the first or second windings of one of the switch cores, will have a polarity to cause a magnetization oi the core in a direction opposite to that caused by the D.C. bias applied on conductor 325. One current pulse 32d alone, when applied to one of the windings of one of the switch cores, is insuilicient to overcome the bias applied to the core over conductor 325 and therefore the core will remain in the stable state to which it is biased. However, when current pulse 326 is applied to both the rst and second windings,

Vthe bias current will be more than cancelled out and the switch core will switch to the opposite state at the 6 beginning of the application of pulse 3216 and thus the pulse 322 will be induced in the output winding of the switch core. When the pulse 326 ends, the bias current will switch the switch core back to its original state, and the pulse 323 will then be induced in the output winding ot the switch core. Thus by the selection of the proper one of the conductors XX1 through XX4 and Xyl through Xy., any one of the cores of the X switch core y matrix can be selected, and operated to produce the output pulses 322 and 323. Similarly, one of the cores of the Y switch core matrix can be selected and operated simultaneously with the X cores to produce the pulses 322 and 323.

Thus, to operate the switch core matrices, the wave form 321 must be applied simultaneously to one of the input conductors Y X1 through Yxi, one of the input conductors Xy1 through X51, one of the input conductors Y X1 through 'YX/1, and one of the input conductors YY1 through Yy@ The wave form 321 is generated by the memory programmer, designated 3% in FIGURE l and applied to the selected input conductors of the switch core matrices through the X and Y drivers 395.

When two 12 hit words are to be enteredl in the storage core matrix simultaneously, the current wave form 321 will be applied to one or the input conductors XX1 through XX1, to one of the input conductors Xy1 and Xyz, one of the input conductors YX1 through YM, one of the input conductors YY1 and Yyg and one of the input conductors Yyg and YY1. When a 24 bit word is to be stored, the input conductors y1 and Yy3 should be selected. When three 12 bit words are to be read out of the storage core matrix, or one 12 bit word and one 24 bit word, the current wave form 321i will be applied to the conductor Yy1, to the conductor Yyg, and to the conductor Yyg as well as one of the conductors YX1 through YM, one of the conductors Xy1 and Xyz, and one of the conductors XX1 through X114. When two i2 bit words or a 24 bit word are to be read out, the conductor Yy1 and the conductor Yy3 will receive the current wave form 332i. Of course, one of the conductors YX1 through YM, one of the conductors Xx1 through XX and one of the conductors Xy1 and Xyz must also receive the current wave form 321. when two 12 bit wor-ds are to be read out.

As is described in the copending application Serial No. 784,358 of George Philip Sarratian, Charles L. Kettler, and George T. Baker filed December 31, 1958, the operation of the memory system is controlled by a control unit, which carries out this function by giving commands in a sequence in accordance with the computer program. These commands are given to the memory system by applying signals to different inputs, each of which in response to one of the applied signals will cause the respective command to be carried out.

When a binary word is to be stored in or read out of the storage core matrix, the control unit will give a command initiating the storing or read out operation and selecting the section of the memory into or out of which the word is to be read. The command WBM will cause a word to be entered into the B section of the storage core matrix. The command WCA will cause a word to be entered into the CA section of the storage core matrix. The command WCB will cause a word to be entered into the CB section of the storage core matrix. The command WCC will cause a word to be entered into the C section of the storage core matrix. The command WCD will cause a word to be entered into the CD section of the storage core matrix. The command RBM will cause a word to be read out of the B section of storage core matrix. The command RCA will cause a word to be read out of the CA section of the storage core matrix. The command RCB will cause a word stored in the CB section of the storage core matrix to be read out. The command RCC will cause a word stored in the CC section of the storage core matrix to be read out. The

aoeaaea I? command RCD will cause the word stored in the CD section of the storage core matrix to be read out.

The particular word position or address in the section of the memory selected is determined by the binary nurnber stored in one or tive index registers which are desig nated generally in FIGURE l by the reference number' 32th. The control unit of the computer will give a command to select a particular one of the index registers. Two of the live index registers are used exclusively totl select addresses in the B section of the storage corematrix. These two index registers shall be referred to as the Bi and B2 index registers. The remaining three index registers are used exclusively to select addresses in the CA, CB, CC and CD sections of the storage core matrix. These index registers shall be referred to as the Ci, C2 and C3 index registers. The commands SBI and SBZ cause the Bl and B2 registers, respectively, to he selected and the commands SCi., SC2, and SC3 cause the C1, C2 and C3 registers, respectively, to he selected. To carry out the process of selecting a desired address in the selected section of the storage core matrix,7 the correct input conductors of the switch core matrices must be selected in response to the binary number stored in the selected index register. This selection of input conductors is carried out by the B register decoder 3u? and the C register decoder 3%.

The details of the B register decoder are illustrated in FIGURE 6. As shown in this ligure, the Bl register' comprises seven hip-hops Si through @57 to store a seven digit binary number. The ONE outputs from the flip-hops 451 through 457 are applied to inputs of AND gates 401 through 4W, respectively. rlhe AND gates 491 through 407 each have two inputs. 'When the command SBI is given, the index register selection logic 31a (FIGURE l) will apply a signal to the other input of each of the AND gates @i through dl''. The outputs from the AND gates ffl-till through @d'7 are applied to a series of seven OR gates lli through @i7 respectively. The B2, register comprises seven hip-flops doi through 467. The ONE outputs of the flip-flops del through 467 are applied to inputs of the AND gates 3% through 397 respectively. The AND gates 39E through 397 each have two inputs. When the command is given, the index register selection logic 3M will apply a signal to the other input of each of the AND gates 391 through 397. outputs from the AND gates 39 through 397 are applied to the OR gates dll through 4317, respectively. When the command SBl is given, signals will pass from the ONE outputs of those of the flip-fiops 453. through yE57 which contain ONEs through the enabled AND gates 41M, respectively and through OR gates iii through 417, respectively. When the command SBZ is given, signals will pass from the ONE outputs of those of the Hip-flops 461 through 467 which contain ONEs through the AND gates 391 through 397, respectively, through the OR gates 411 through i7, respectively. Thus, the OR gates 411 through 417 will produce output signals in accordance with the ONEs stored in the hip-hops 451 through y457, respectively, whenever the command SBl is given, and in accordance with the ONES stored in the flip-hops 461 through o7 whenever the command SBZ is given. The outputs from the OR gates fill through 417 are applied to the inputs of inverters ft2?. through A27, respectively. Each of the inverters @2i through 427 will pro-duce a signal at its output whenever it does not receive a signal at its input. Thus, the inverters 421 through i127 will produce output signals in accordance with the ZEROs stored in the flip-flops '45E through 457 whenever the command SE1 is given and in accordance with the ZEROs stored in the flipdiops 'del through 467 whenever the command SBZ is given.

The outputs from the GR gates dll through A?? and the outputs from the inverters All through 127 are applied in dilter'ent combinations to a series of 14 AND gates 43l through 444. The AND gates through 434 o es and 437 through Mft each have three inputs and the AND gates 43S and 435 each have two inputs. Whenever either the command Shi or SBZ is given, the index register selection logic 3M will apply a signal to one of vthe inputs of each of the AND gates @El through he input to the B register decoder over which this signal is applied is designated by the logical symbolism SB-kSBZ. The output from the inverter is applied to inputs of the AND gates 437 and 439. The output from the inverter 422 is applied to inputs of the AND gates The output from the inverter 423 is applied to inputs of the AND gates and 443. The output from the inverter' 52e is applied to inputs of the AND gates lidi and A42. The output from the vinverter 425 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 433. Ehe output from the inverter .126 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 4.3i and The output from the inverter 427 is applied to input of the AND gate 435. The output from the OR gate iii is applied to inputs :of the AND gates .133 and id-ti and the output from the OR gate l2 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 439 and The output from the OR gate E3 is applied to inputs of the AND gates ed?. and and the output of the OR gate ii-tis applied to inputs of the AND :gates lil-i3 and The output trom the OR gate l5 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 432. and [i3d and the output from the OR gate lo is applied to inputs of `the AND gates 433 and 43d. The output from the OR gate 47.7 is applied to an input of the AND gate The AND gates i3-i through 53d and 537 through 444 each will produce an output signal whenever signals are applied to all three of its inputs and each of the AND gates 13S and 436 will produce an output signal whenever signals are applied to both its inputs. Thus, the AND gates 31 through E4-4i will produce output signals in combinations responsive to the binary number stored in the Bl register whenever the command SBl is given and responsive to the binary number stored in the B2 register whenever the command SBZ is given. For example, if the selected register contains the binary number llGtlGl, the AND gates 4532, fido, 43oand lid?. will produce output signals.

The `output signals produced by the AND gates 3l through will cause the k and Y drivers .W5 to apply the current wave form 321 to selected ones of the input conductors Xxl through XX4, Xyg, Kyi, Yxl through Yxr, and Yyl through Yy, respectively, of the switch core matrices 3h12.

FIGURE 7 illustrates the details of the C register decoder. The Cl register comprises five ilip-tlops 457i through 47S to store five digit binary numbers. The ONE outputs of the Hip-flops 47?. through 475 are applied to inputs of the AND gates Sui through 595, respectively. The outputs of the AND gates 5M through 5% are applied to OR gates 531; through 535, respectively. The C2 register comprises ve flip-lops 481 through 485. The ONE outputs of the tlipops i551 through 485 of the OR register are applied to inputs of AND gates Stil through SiS, respectively. The outputs of the AND gates 511 through SiS are applied to the OR gates 531 through 535, respectively. The C3 register comprises iive ipilops @9i through A95, respectively. The ONE outputs of the hip-tions doti through 495 are applied to inputs of AND gates 521 through 525, respectively. The outputs of the AND gates 5M through 525 are applied to the OR gates 531 through 535, respectively. The AND gates 5M through 5%, Sill through SiS, 52E. through 525 each have two inputs. The other inputs of the AND gates Sill through StES will have a signal applied thereto by the index register selection logic Sli. whenever the co mand SG1 is given. The other inputs of the AND s 511 through 5l5 will have a signal appiied thereto by the index register selection logic 3M whenever the command SC2 is given and the AND gates 52.?. through 525 will have a signal applied thereto by the index register selection logic Sil whenever the command SC3 is given. When the command SCi is given, signals will pass from the ONE outputs of those of the flip-hops 471 through 475 which contain ONEs through the AND gates Sill through 555, respectively, and through the OR gates 53l through 535, respectively. When the command SC2 is given, signals will pass from the ONE outputs of those of the ilipdiops 431 through 485 which contain ONES through the AND gates Sli through 5l5, respectively, and through the OR gates 531 through 535, respectively. When the command SC3 is given, signals will pass from the ONE outputs of those of the fiip-"lops @l through 495 which contain ONEs through the AND gates 521 through 525, respectively, and through the OR gates 533i through 535, respectively. Thus, the OR gates 531V through 535 will produce output signals in accordance with ONES stored in the iiip-tiops @7l through 475 respectively, whenever the command SCl is given, in accordance with the ONES stored in the iii -tiops 431 through 435, respectively, whenever the command SC2 is given, and in accordance with the ONEs stored in the hip-flops 491 through 495, respectively, whenever the command SC3 is given.

The output signals from the OR gates 531 through 535 are applied to the inputs of inverters 541 through 545. Each of the inverters Sel through 545 will produce an output signal whenever it does not receive a signal applied to its input. Thus, the inverters 54d through 545 will produce output signals in accordance with the ZEROs stored in the ilip-iiops 471 through 475, respectively, whenever the command SCi is given, in accordance with the ZEROs stored in the flip-flops Si through 435, respectively, whenever the command SC2 is given, and in accordance with the ZEROS stored in the ip-ilops 491' through 495, respectively, whenever the command SC3 is given.

The outputs from the inverters Seil through 545 and the OR gates 53d through 535 are applied in different combinations to the AND gates 551 through 560. The AND gates 55,1 through 554 and 557 through 56h each have three inputs and the AND gates 555 and 556 have two inputs. Whenever any one of the commands SCl, SC2, or SC3 is given, the index register selection logic 3.1i will apply a signal to one of the inputs or each of the AND gates 553 through 56d. This signal will be applied on the input in FGURE 7 designated by the logical symbolism SCl-l-SC2+SC3. The output from the Oi?. gate 533i is applied to inputs of the AND gates 552 and 554. The output from the OR gate 532 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 553 and 554. The output from the OR gate 533 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 555 and Seti. The output from the Ol?. gate 534 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 559 and 569 and the output from the R gate 535 is applied to an input of the AND gate 556. The output from the inverter 541 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 551 and 553. The output from the inverter 542 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 551 and 552. The output from the inverter 543 is applied to inputs of the AND gates 557 and 559. The output from the inverter dr-i is applied to inputs of the AND gates 557 and 55S and the output from the inverter 545 is applied to an input of the AND gate 555. Each of the AND gates 551 through 554 and 557 through 56!) will produce an output signal whenever signals are applied to all three of its inputs and the AND gates 555 and 55d each will produce an output signal whenever signals are applied to both of its inputs. The AND gates 55l through 5o@ will therefore produce output signals in combinations responsive to the binary nurnber stored in the Cil register whenever the command SCl is given, responsive to the binary number stored in the C2 register whenever the command SC2 is given, and responsive to the binary number stored in the C3 register whenever the command SC3 is given. For example,

l@ it the selected one of the Cl, C2, or C3 registers contains the binary number 10101, the AND gates 552, 556 and 558 will produce output signals.

The signals produced by the AND gates 551 through 550 will cause the X and Y drivers 305 to apply the current wave form 321 to the input conductors XXI through Xxl, Xyl, Xy2, and Yxl through Yxi, respectively, of the switch core matrices itil ln this manner, the binary number stored in the selected index register controls the selection of the address in the selected section of the storage core matrix.

FIGURE 8 illustrates the details of the X and Y drivers 355. As shown in this ligure, the X and Y drivers comprise lo AND gates 35i through 356, the outputs of which are applied through amplifiers 331 through 346, respectively, to the input conductors XX1 through XM, Xyl through Xyi, YX, through YX4, and Yyl through Yyi, respectively, of the switch core matrices 392. rlhe AND gates 35i through 366 each have two inputs. To one of the inputs of each ot these AND gates the current wave form Fall is applied from the memory programmer 356. The outputs from OR gates 371 through 332 are applied to the other inputs of the AND gates 351 thro-ugh 354 and 359 through 356, respectively. rt`he outputs from the AND gates 453i through 434 and 437 through of the B register decoder 307 are applied to the OR gates 37E through 332, respectively. The outputs from the AND gates 35 and 436 are applied to the other inputs of the AND gates 357 and 35S, respectively. The outputs from the AND gates 551 through 55dand 557 through 55d of the C register decoder 3dS are applied to the OR gates 37d through 378, respectively. The outputs of the AND gates 555 and 556 are applied to the other inputs ot the AND gates 355 and 356, respectively. The command logic for the submemory selection designated 309 in FiGURE l will apply a signal to the OR gate 379 whenever either of the commands WCA or RCA is given. The command logic for the submemory selection 353 will apply a signal to the OR gate 35@ whenever either the command WCB or the command RCB is given. The command logic for the submemory selection 359 will apply a signal to the OR gate 331 when either command WCC or the command RCC is given and will apply a signal to the OR gate 332 when either the command WCD or the command RCD is given. rEhe current wave form 3.2i will pass through those of the AND gates 35i through 356 which have signals applied to their other inputs, through the ampiliiers 331 through 346, respectively, to the selected input conductors of the switch core matrices. When; ever a word is entered into or read out of the storage core matrix., one of the AND gates 351 through 354 will receive a signal on its other input, one of the AND gates 355 through 353 will receive a signal on its other input, one ot the AND gates through 362 will receive a signal on its other input and one of the AND gates 363 through 356 will receive a signal on its other input. Thus, one of the input conductors XXI through Xxr, one of the input conductors Xyl through Xy@ one of the input conductors YX, through YX4, and one of the input conductors YY1 through Y yi will receive the current wave form 321.

Whenever two l2 bit words are to be entered into the storage core matrix simultaneously, both one of the commands WCA and WCB and one of the commands WCC and WCD must be given. In response to these commands, the command logic for submemory selection will apply a signal both to one of the AND gates 353 and 36d and to one ot the AND gates 355 and 366. As a result, the current wave form 32d will be applied to both one of the input conductors Y y1 and (3.2 and one of the input conductors Yyg and Yyi. Whenever a 24 bit word is to be entered into the storage core matrix, the commands WCA and WCC will be given.

Whenever one l2 bit word and one 24 bit word or aces/sse three 12 bit words are to be simultaneously read out of the storage core matrix the commands RCA, RCB, and RCC must be given. The command logic for subrnemory selection will then apply a signal to the AND gates 353, 364 and 365 through OR. gates 379, and respectively. As a result, the current wave form 32?. will be applied to the input conductors Yyl, Yyg and Yyg. When two l2 bit words or one 24 bit word is to be read out from the Storage core matrix, the commands RCA and RCC must be given. The current wave form 32E. will then be applied to the input conductors YY1 and Y 3.

yIt will be observed that in all of these simultaneous read in and read out operations the selected addresses always will occupy the same relative position in the selected sections of the storage core matrix and a single binary number in the selected index register controls the addresses Within the selected sections of all the Words simultaneously entered in or read out.

As described in the copending application Serial No. 784,358 of George Philip Sarratian, Charles L. Kettler and George T. Baker, tiled December 31, 1958, digital words are transferred to and from the memory system by means of a central information distribution unit, which has a capacity for l2 bit words, and the memory accumulator bus and the accumulator memory bus, which each have a capacity for 24tbit words.

FIGURE 9 illustrates the details of the Cl register, which, as stated above with reference to FlGURE 7, comprises five iiip-tlops 473; through 47S. The command designated WC is the signal to cause binary numbers exis ing in the lower tive stages of the information distribution unit to be stored in the Cl register. When the command signal WC1 is given the control unit will apply a signal to enable AND gates 561 through 570. binary number existing in the lower live stages of the information distribution unit will then pass through the AND gates S6?. thro-ugh 570 to be registered in the ipt'iops A71 through 475.

The command signal designated ICl will cause the binary number stored in the Cl register to increase by one. When the command ICl is given, the control unit will apply a signal to the tlip-op 437i causing it to switch to its opposite state. If the Hip-flop 471. is switched from its ONE state to its ZERO state, it will apply a signal to flip-dop 72 which will cause the flip-flop 472 to switch to its opposite state. lt the flip-dop 472 is switched from its ONE state to its ZERO state it will apply a signal to the llip--ilop 473 and cause the ilipdlop 473 to switch to its opposite state. The Hiphop 473 and the ilip-op 474 likewise cause the ilip-ilops i715 and 4375, respectively, to switch to their opposite states if the Hip-Hops 473 and $76., respectively, are switched to their ZERO States. Thus, the dip-ttops 471 through 4,75 are connected as a binary counter and whenever the command lCl is given the binary number stored in the C1 register will be increased by one.

The C2 register is exactly the same as a Cl register. The command to cause the iive bit binary number existing in the lower tive stages of the information distribution unit to be registered in the C2 register is `designated WCZ and the command to cause the binary number registered in the C2 register to be increased by one is designated ICZ.

The Bl and B2 registers are also similar to the C1 register except that they comprise seven llip-iops instead of ve. The commands WE1 and WBZ will cause the seven bit binary number existing in the lower seven stages of the information distribution unit to be registered in the El and E2 registers, respectively. The commands lBl and T32 will cause the contents of the El and B2 registers, respectively, to be increased by one.

The details of the C3 register are shown in FIGURE li). As stated above with reference to FIGURE 7, the C3 register comprises tive llipuops 491 through rfi-95. When the command WC3, to store the binary number The Y existing in the lower live stages the information distribution unit in the C3 register, is given, the control unit will apply a signal to the AND gates 57i through 586. The binary number existing in the lower 5 stages of the information distribution unit will then pass through the AND gates 57i through 5S@ to be registered in the ipflops @l through 495. Whenever the command RC3, to read the contents of the C3 register out to the lower live stages of the information distribution unit, is given, the control unit will apply a signal to AND gates 581 through The contents of the ilip-ops 491 through 495 will then pass through the enabled AND gates 581 through 5h, to the lower live stages of the information distribution unit.

Whenever the command ICS, to increase the binary number stored in the C3 register by one, is given the control 'unit will apply a signal to AND gates S91 through 5%. This signal from the control unit will also pass through OR gate 595 to cause the Hip-flop 491 to switch to its opposite state. If, when this command is given, the flip-tldp 493 switches from its ONE state to its ZERO state, the flipdlop 491 will apply a signal through the enabled AND gate 91 through OR gate 5% to cause the flip-iop i592 to switch to its opposite state. In like manner, each of the preceding dip-flops 3532; through 494 will apply a signal through the enabled AND gates 592 through respectively, through OR gates 597 through S99, repectively, to cause the succeeding dip-flops 93 through f3, respectively, to switch to their opposite states if the meding tlip-llop switches from its ONE state to its L.ERO state when the command lCS is given. ln this manner, the number stored in the C3 register will be inreased by one each time the command ICS is given.

When the command DC3, to decrease the binary number stored in the C3 register by one, is given, the control unit will apply a signal through the OR gate 595 to cause the hip-lop dgl to switch to its opposite state. This signal is also applied to the AND gates otlll to 663. lf the lip-op 491 is switched from its ZERO to its ONE state, it will apply a signal through the enabled AND gate out) through the OR gate 5516 to cause the flip-Hop 492 to switch to its opposite state. Likewise, each of the preceding flip-flops M2 through 495 will apply a signal through the enabled AND gates Still through 683, respectively, through the OR gates 597 through 599, respectively, to cause the succeeding ilip-ilops 493 through 495, respectively to switch to their opposite states, if the preceding ilip-llop is switched from its ZERO to its ONE state when the command DCS is given. Thus, in this manner the binary number stored in the C3 register will be decreased by one whenever the command DCS is given.

In summary, the number stored in the C3 register can be entered from the lower ve stages of the information distribution unit, it can be read out from the C3 register into the lower ve stages of the information distribution unit, it can be increased by one, or it can be decreased by one.

As described in the copending application Serial No. 784,358 of George T. Baker, Charles L. Kettler, and George Philip Sarratian, filed December 31, 1958, the memory accumulator bus and the information distribution unit use the dual conductor systeml In this System there are two conductors for each bit. When a ZERO is transferred, one of these conductors will be positive and the other will he negative. When a ONE is transferred, the potentials on the two conductors are reversed. the accumulator memory bus, however, only has one conductor for each bit which conductor will have a positive potential applied thereto when a ZERO is transferred and a negative potential when a ONE is transferred.

The memory read in circuits designated 312 in the FIGURE 1 controls which of the Z1 drivers and which of the ZT. drivers receive the current wave form 319 .and thus determine in which tiers of the storage core matrix aosaeea a ZERO will be stored in the selected address or addresses. The details of the memory read in circuits are illustrated in FlGURE 12. There are twelve memory read in circuits, one for each digit of a 12 bit binary member. Each memory read in circuit controls the storing of ONEs and ZEROs in the core or cores of the selected address or addresses in a different tier of the storage core matrix. For convenience, only three of the memory read in circuits have been shown as each read in circuit is identical.

The commands to enter the word existing in the information distribution unit into the storage core matrix, are WBM, WCA, WCB, WCC, and WCD. When any of these commands are given, the command logic for submemory selection 369 will apply a signal to AND gates 611 and 612 of each read in circuit. In each read in circuit the outputs from the AND gates 611 and 612 are applied through OR gates 613 and 614, respectively, through cathode followers 615 and 616, respectively, to the ONE and ZERO inputs of a ip-ilop 617. When the enabling signal is applied from the command logic for the submemory selection 309 to the AND gates 611 and 612, the l2 bit binary word existing in the information distribution unit will pass through the AND gates 611 and 612, through the OR gates 613 and 614, and through the cathode followers 615 and 616 to be registered in `the l2 flip-flops 61.7.

ln each read in circuit the ZERO output from the flip-flop 617 is applied through a cathode follower 618 to the inputs of a pair of AND gates 619 and 620. The AND gates 619 and 626 have three inputs and require an input signal applied to all three inputs to produce an output signal. A signal will be applied to the second input of each of the AND gates 619 and 620 whenever neither the command WAC nor the command RAC is given. The logic for producing this input to the AND gates 619 and 626 may be similar to that used in the command logic for submemory selection 369 or the index register selection logic 311, which are described in detail below. The command logic for submemory selection 369 will apply an enabling signal to the third input of the AND gates 619 whenever any of the commands WBM, RBM, WCA, RCA, WCB, or RCB is given. The command logic for submemory selection 369 will apply enabling signals to the third inputs of the AND gates 626 whenever any of the commands WCC, RCC, WCD, or RCD is given. The output from the AND gate 619 in each read in circuit is applied through an OR gate 621 through a cathode follower 622 to a different one of twelve Z1 drivers, which are designated in FIGURE l by reference number 3113. The output from the AND gate 6211 in each read in circuit is applied through an OR gate 623 and through the cathode follower 624 to a different one of twelve Z2 drivers, which are designated 31M in FIGURE l.

The memory programmer 366 applies the current wave form 319 to each of the Z1 and Z2 drivers. Each of the Z1 drivers, in response to receiving a signal from the respective read in circuit, will apply the current wave form 319 to one of the Z1 conductors. Likewise, each of the Z2 drivers in response to a signal from the respective read in circuit, will apply the current wave form to one of the Z2 conductors. The Z1 and Z2 drivers 363 and 364 are not shown in detail but could comprise an AND gate and amplier combination similar to that of the X and Y drivers 365.

When one of the commands WBM, WCA, or WCB is given, the binary word existing on the information distribution unit will be registered in the twelve dip-flops 617. Those flip-flops 617, which then contain a ZERO, will apply an output signal through the respective cathode followers 613 to the respective AND gates 619. The AND gates 619 will be enabled and thus an output signal will be produced from those AND gates 619 which receive signals from the ip-llops 617. The output signals from the AND gates 619 will be applied through the respective OR gates 621 and the respective cathode followers 622 to the respective Z1 drivers. The Z1 drivers 3263 which receive signals from the respective AND gates 619 will then apply the current wave form 31.9 to the respective Z1 conductors. Thus, the Z1 conductors in those tiers of the storage core matrix in which a ZERO is to be stored at the selected address will receive the current wave form 319, if the selected address is in the section threaded by the Z1 conductors, and thus ZEROS will be stored in the cores of these tiers at the selected address.

When the command to store the binary word on the information distribution unit in the CC section or the CD section of the storage core matrix is given, the command logic for the submemory selection 309 will apply an enabling signal to the AND gates 611 and 612 and the binary word existing on the information distribution unit will be registered in the flipflops 617. Those ipllops 617, which then register a ZERO, will apply an output signal to the respective AND gates 620. The AND gates 626 will be enabled and therefore will apply an output signal to the respective Z2 drivers through the respective OR gates 623 and cathode followers 624. The Z2 drivers receiving these output signals from the memory read in circuits will then apply the current wave form 319 to the respective Z2 conductors. Thus, the Z2 conductors in those tiers of the storage core matrix in which a ZERO is to be stored at the selected address will receive the current wave form 319, if the selected address is in a section threaded by the Z2 conductors and thus ZEROS will be stored in the cores in these tiers at the selected address.

The conductor or" each stage of the lower half of the accumulator memory bus is applied to the OR gate 623 in a ditferent read in circuit. The conductor of each stage of the upper half of the accumulator memory bus is applied to the OR gate 621 in a different one of the read in circuits. When it is desired to transfer a 24 bit word. from the accumulator to the storage core matrix, the command RAC will be given. This command will cause the 24 bit word registered elsewhere in the computer to be put on the accumulator memory bus, as is more fully explained in the copending application Serial No. 784,358 of George T. Baker, Charles L. Kettler and George Philip Sarraan, filed December 3l, 1958. This command will also prevent a signal from being applied to the second inputs of the AND gates 619 and 626. At the same time the command RAC is given, the commands WCA and WCC will be given. Also, one of the commands SCll, SC2, or SC3 will be given. Signals will be applied from the conductors of those stages of the lower half of the accumulator memory bus on which there are ZEROs through the respective OR gates 623 through the respective cathode followers. 624 to the respective Z2 drivers. These respective Z2 drivers will then apply the current wave form 619 to the respective Z2 conductors and the lower half of the 24 'oit word will be stored in the CC section of the storage core matrix at the address selected by the binary number stored in the selected index register. Signals will also be applied from the conductors of those stages of the upper half of the accumulator memory bus on which there are ZEROS through the respective OR gates 621 through the respective cathode followers 622 to the respective Z1 drivers. These respective Z1 drivers will then apply the current wave form 619 to the respective Z1 conductors and the upper half of the 24 bit word will be stored in the CA section of the memory at the address selected by the binary number in the selected index register. Two twelve bit words can be stored in the storage core matrix in the same manner. When two separate twelve bit words are simultaneously stored, it is not necessary that the CA and CC sections of the storage core matrix be selected words. The CB section of the storage core matrix may be selected instead of the CA section and the CD section may be selected instead of the CC section.

When a command to read information out from the storage core matrix to the information distribution unit is given, provision is made to restore the word read out in the position in the storage core matrix from which the word is read. Signals will be applied from the read out circuits for each tier of the storage core matrix through the OR gates 613 and 614 of each read in circuit through the cathode followers 61S and 616 to the flipfiops 617. The flip-Hops 617 then will register the word read out from the selected address in the storage core matrix. The command logic for submemory selection will apply an enabling signal to the AND gates 619 if the selected address is in the B section or the CA or CB section of the storage core matrix and thus signals will be applied to the Z1 drivers for those tiers from which a ZERO is read out. The current wave form 319 will then be applied to the Z1 conductors of the tiers from which a ZERO is read out. If the selected address Vfrom which the read out takes place is in the CC section or in the CD section, the command logic for submemory seection 3@ will apply an enabling signal to the AND gates .625.5 and the read in circuits will then apply signals to the Z2 drivers for those tiers of the storage core matrix from which ya ZERO was read out. In response thereto the Z2; drivers will apply the current wave form 319 to the Z2 conductors of these tiers of the storage core matrix. The read out operation takes place after the pulse 322i the pulse 32d is applied to the Z conductors of those tiers of the storage core matrix from which a ZERO is read during the same cycle that the binary word is read out from the storage core matrix. Thus, the read out and restoring all takes place during one read out cycle.

There are twelve read out circuits, one for each tier of the storage core matrix. Each read out circuit is identical so only one read out circuit has been shown in FGURE 13. The output from each of the twelve ampliers 31d, which amplify the signals induced in the S1 conductors, is applied to a different one of the read out circuits. The output from each of the twelve ampliters 315, which amplify the signals induced in the S2 conductors, are applied to a dilerent one of the read out circuits. The outputs from each of the twelve ampliers 315, which amplify the signals induced in the S3 conductors, are applied to a different one of the read out circuits. The output from each of the amplifiers 314, will be applied to an inverter 632 and an AND gate 631 in one of the read out circuits. The output from each of the ampliliers 315 is applied to an AND gate 633 and an inverter 634 in one of the read out circuits. The output from each of the ampliliers 316 is applied to an AND gate 635 and in inverter 636 in one of the read out circuits.

Each of the inverters 632., 634, and 636 in each read out circuit will produce a signal at its output whenever it does not receive a signal at its input. The outputs from inverters 632, 63d, and 636 are applied to AND gates 637 through 639 respectively. The memory programmer applies a wave form, designated 32) in FIGURE 4, to each memory read out circuits 313 whenever a command to read out from the storage core matrix is given. This wave form contains a pulse 327 which has the time relationship shown in FIGURE 4. The wave form 32H3 will be applied to the AND gates 631, 633, 635 and 637 through 639 in each of the read out circuits. rl`he outputs from the AND gates 631 and 637 are applied to AND gates 643 and 6411 respectively. The outputs from the AND gates 635 and 639 are applied to AND gates 64d and 641 respectively. The outputs from the AND `gates 633 and 638 are applied to OR gates 6d?. and respectively. The command logic for the submemory selection 3il9 will apply an enabling signal to the AND gates 6d@ and 643 whenever either of the current wave form 31S but before the command REM or RCA is given while at the same time either the command RCA or the command RCC is not given. rl`lie outputs from the AND gates 643 and are applied to the OR gates 642 and 645, respectively. The command logic for the submernory selection 339 will apply an enabling signal to the AND gates 641 whenever both the command RCC or the command RCD is given and either the command RCA or the command RCC is not given. The output from the AND gates 6ft and 641 are applied to OR gates 642 and 64S respectively. ln order for the AND gates 633 and to produce an output signal they must receive an enabling signal from the command logic for submemory selection and this signal will be applied whenever the command RCB is given. The outputs from the AND gates 633 and 638 are applied to the OR gates 642 and edd, respectively. The outputs from the OR gates 6ft-2 and odd in each read out circuit are applied to a different stage of the information distribution unit and the outputs are also applied to the OR gates 613 and 614, respectively, in the memory read in circuit for the same tier of the storage core matrix. The outputs from AND gates 631 and 637 in the read out circuit for each tier of the storage core matrix are applied to a different stage of the upper half of the memory accumulator bus. The output from the AND gates 635 and 639 in the read out circuit tor each tier of the storage core matrix is applied to a ditterent stage of the lower half of the ory accumulator bus.

Yvvhenever either the command RCA or REM is given, positive going pulses will be induced in those S1 conductors which are tiers which contain ONEs at the selected address. 'ifhese pulses will be caused by the pulse 322 of the wave form Those S1 conductors which are in tiers which contain ZEROS at the selected address will have no pulses induced in them at this time. The induced pulses after being amplified by the respective amplifiers 31d are applied to the AND gates 631 and inverters 632 in the respective read out circuits. The inverters in these respective read out circuits upon receiving the induced pulses will stop applying a signal to the AND gates 637. The inherent delay in the read out system vil cause the induced pulses to arrive at the AND gates 531 and inverters 632 at the time of the pulse 327 of the wave form 323'. The AND gates 631 which receive pulses .vill therefore produce output signals at this time. The inverters 632, which are in `read out circuits for tiers in which ZlR-Os are stored at the selected address, will not receive pulses at the time the pulse 372 is applied to the AND gate and therefore the inverters 632 in these respective read out circuits will be applying signals to the AND gates 637 at this time. 'Die AND gates 637 in those read out circuits for tiers which contain ZEROs at the selected address will therefore produce output signals at this time. Thus, the AND gates 631 and 637 in each read out circuit will produce output signals in accordance witr the digit stored at the selected address in the respective tier whenever the commands RCA or REM are given.

ln the same manner the AND gates 633 and 633 will produce output signals in accordance with the digit stored at the selected address in the respective tier whenever the command RCB is given. Likewise, the AND gates 635 and in each read out circuit will produce output signals accordance with the digit stored at the selected address in the respective tier whenever the command RCC or RCD is given.

The output signals produced by t e AND gates o3 and 637 will pass through the AND gates 643 and 643 if they are enabled through the OR gates 642 and 6-t5 to the information distribution unit. The output signals produced by the AND gates 633 and 639 will pass throug'i the AND gates 5d/ 641, if enabled, through ti e OR gates and 64S to the information distribution unit. Of course, the computer will be programmed so that only 

